Media and communication in general is avery important...

Media and communication in general is avery important aspect of societal construction. It makes a major building block in the manner in which the members of society view issues and perceive beliefs. In the world over, the role of the media and the power of communication is a factor not to overlook in any prudent policy formulation (Comstock 1999). The importance of the same is, therefore, enshrined in many legislative units including the World umbrella body, United Nations. This body has been in the forefront in championing Media rights and the freedom. In some countries, the media is overly valued and rated as a major component of growth and development. The level of freedom in the media coverage varies from one country to another†¦show more content†¦The development of the newspapers has taken place for decades and this steady growth can be attributed to the impact that the Newspapers have in society, therefore, the appreciation level of the same (Bird 2010). Newspapers have impacted society in a number of ways. The same impact is transferred to the development and the enhancement of nationhood among countries and the championing of good governance and education of electorates. Newspapers have historically been used as a platform to educate society. Ignorance is a costly venture to invest in; this is what other people had to say about ignorance. A nation composed of ignorant individuals is a threatened nation; that which is not far from collapse and subsequent extinction. The cost of exterminating ignorance might be extremely high, but the same can’t be as high as the cost of not doing so. Use of newspapers has been propagated by the increase of literacy levels. The literacy level has also contributed to the increase on the level of awareness in a number of factors among citizens. Newspapers, to a great extent, have taken the less travelled road to enlighten the society on a number of issues within a period. Some newspapers are iss ued on a daily basis, therefore, informing a society on daily occurrences and promotion of citizenry on a more frequent basis. OtherShow MoreRelatedCultural Competence5466 Words   |  22 Pagesinterest in the patient. †¢ Ask about their life (family, friends, and work) and share life stories and pictures. Converse with all of the family members present, but be respectful of gender. †¢ Do not give an impression of being too familiar, however. Make personal notes in medical records to cue other providers of family names or special events to discuss during another visit. †¢ †¢ †¢ Encourage the asking of questions Out of a sense of respeto, many Hispanic patients will avoid disagreeingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSpecialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/KendalvilleRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesWILEY SONS, INC. VICE PRESIDENT PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR ASSISTANT EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER MARKETING ASSISTANT DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Alana Filipovich Jeof Vita Arthur Medina Allison Morris This book was set in 10/12 New Caledonia by Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and

The Importance Of Pyrite Recovery From Gangue - 1519 Words

Gangue is one of the largest accumulating solid, and is particularly rich in pyrite. Therefore, pyrite recovery from gangue is not only significant for the environmental protection, but also for the development and production of chemicals. The dry separation methods, leading to the decreased waste and cost effectiveness, have received significant attention of many scholars. In this study, the vibration energy was introduced to promote the separation of particles. The interactions and effect of comparison of the gas velocity, vibration intensity, and bed height were investigated. Moreover, the sulfur migration for pyrite recovery from the gangue has been studied by several analytical techniques. The results show that the segregation efficiency was directly related to the interaction between various factors. After the separation, the sulfur content of the concentrates of -6+3, -3+1, and -1+0.5 mm was 37.94, 35.43, and 30.61%, respectively. The sulfur segregation’s standard devia tion (SSSD) was 0.70, achieving a satisfactory separation efficiency, indicating that pyrite was the foremost material in the concentrate, and S and Fe migrated in the form of pyrite during the separation process, indicating that pyrite could be effectively enriched by the dry method of vibration fluidized bed after the separation. Keywords: Interactions effect; dry method; vibrated fluidized bed; pyrite recovery; sulfur migration 1. Introduction Coal as one of the most important energy accounts for

Dangers Of Alcohol Essay Example For Students

Dangers Of Alcohol Essay AlcoholAlcohol is a drug, but unlike most of the other drugs, it is socially accepted and is legal. Alcohol is bad for you and does have long term affects associated with it. Such as the long addiction to it, effects on the body, and the social interaction effects. Alcohol, and alcoholism is common in America, but drinking is more common around kids. Social drinking, a term kids and drinkers have come accustom to, is defined by one standard drink per hour, and no more than 3 per day, but some people just socialize around people that drink as heavily as they do and confuse that for social drinking. Addiction to alcohol can be acquired easily if not careful, binge drinking and family history are all keys in the identification of addiction. Family history could be linked to alcoholism by finding out if your family had problems in the past with alcohol, and it is determined by studies that genes have effects on alcohol. Alcohol is a drug, but legal unlike the other drugs on the street. I n my opinion, all drugs are all harmful to the body, and can cause serious problems to you, and people around you, in the long run. Alcohol can effect the body in multiple ways. The tranquilizing effects of being drunk acts like a stimulate, but is a depressant, and causes the brain to lower self control, impairs vision and other senses, and effects bodily coordination. This tranquilizing effect is caused by the consumption of alcohol which in turn may cause serious effects on the liver, heart, and the brain. The alcohol consumption effects these organs, and has an overall personality change when signs of alcoholism begin. Alcohol overall has a detrimental effect over the body and the mind. I do believe alcohol is a drug and like other drugs which are not legalized in the U.S. it is still really bad for you. Also from alcohol a big risk is in evolved with drunk driving and getting alcohol poisoning. Both of these possible consequences are a big factor when someone drinks irresponsib ly. Drunk driving accidents, and death, happen too much to not notice, but to know that drinking is a big cause of deaths in the year. Alcohol poisoning has a great chance of killing you because the effects are the usual drunken depressant effects but it slowly gets worse as you slip into coma, and if not taken care of, death will emerge. Social drinking and the effects one can have on someones personality is usually a drastic change. From this I mean I can speak from experience, one of my friends is an alcoholic from my perspective. Every chance he gets he drinks. When he drinks, his personality, and sometimes he, does somersaults, and changes into a mean self centered alcoholic. But anytime hes not drunk, he seems normal. Close interaction would prove that he has a personality problem, and a severe attitude. What I am trying to say is that my friend is my friend, no matter what problems he has, and hes going through counseling, and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) classes, yet still he s truggles to stay sober,even though hes giving it all he has. Alcohol is in no means a good drug. From what I know, and have experienced, alcohol is just an open window for a long list of problems and difficulties, and seems to make growing up harder. It leaves the body susceptible to doing bodily harm, to self, or to others, by not being sure what it is that you are currently doing, and why someone would want to risk there chances of death, and life long hardship is beyond me. Alcohol is a drug which is now is legal in the U.S., and if that changes, it will, in my opinion, advance our society mentally, and make us stronger, in the body and in the mindSocial Issues Essays .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255 , .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255 .postImageUrl , .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255 , .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255:hover , .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255:visited , .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255:active { border:0!important; } .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255:active , .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255 .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7fb35260ceda394a76f29d6d7b02d255:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Swimmer By John Cheever Essay

Obstacles Teachers May Face free essay sample

The process of how an individual learns is based on the theories surrounding behaviorism, conditioning, modeling and self regulation. Students can be problematic if proper resolutions aren’t put in place when a dilemma arises. There is a great emphasis on the importance and relevance in motivating the students in the classroom. Without the knowledge of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation and what drives students to learn, teachers may not know what inspires or how to encourage students to work to the best of their ability. Teachers must portray themselves in a professional manner at all times, whether they are dealing with students, parents or colleagues. Professionalism can be defined in several ways and some characteristics of a professional teacher include being committed to learners in a way that incorporates a code of ethics, have the ability to make routine and efficient decisions in a complex and ill-defined situation, conduct a critical self examination of one’s teachings, i. We will write a custom essay sample on Obstacles Teachers May Face or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . reflective practice, and acquire the element of professional knowledge to constantly improve, develop and expand one’s methods of teaching to maximize learning environments (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. pp, 4 – 6). One obstacle a teacher may face is if he or she gets asked a question that they don’t know the answer to. Students look up to teachers and depend on them for the knowledge they require (Yero, J. L. , 2002. P173). Understanding each topic is simply not enough; a teacher needs to be able to represent topics in an understandable way that is appropriate to the age of the learner. For example, the solution to explaining how to multiply numbers is to firstly acquire the knowledge of content then illustrate how to multiply the numbers. This is referred to as pedagogical knowledge. Pedagogical knowledge requires the teacher to understand principles of instructional strategies and classroom management. Involving each student in the learning process in order to enhance productive learning comes with knowledge and experience. Instructional strategies that promote productive learning include: selecting topics that are important for students to learn, provide clear learning objectives and prepare learning activities respectively, design assessments that relate to the workload and maintain the instructional alignment between the three, i. e. the connection between learning objectives, learning activities and assessments (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. pp390 – 394). A teacher must have a positive and caring attitude, be organized, communicate effectively, respect and encourage rather than punish and constantly question and prompt incorrect answers to manage a productive classroom (Nelson, J. , Lott, L. Glen, S. p20-27). Identifying clear standards of acceptable behavior i. e. rules, be supportive to each student and create a sense of equilibrium are all strategies to ensure a produc tive and manageable classroom. The aim of all teachers is to promote as much learning as possible. Behaviorism focuses on the idea that learning is â€Å"influenced by stimuli from the environment† (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p,164). For example, feeling nervous before an exam is a learned behavior due to previous experiences/knowledge of exams. This feeling is involuntary to the individual, and it is referred to as classical conditioning. Classical conditioning can be positive or negative, depending on which, it can have different effects on the learner. If the teacher uses positive reinforcement within the classroom the students will gradually associate learning to the teacher’s manner and thus feel safe within the classroom resulting in a productive learning environment. In contrast negative or non-reinforcement results in the cessation of a behavior and results in a classroom environment that is not productive. Children learn acceptable behaviors through observing adults, therefore teachers are role models, and it is important for a teacher to demonstrate respect, tolerance, and values to motivate learning (Call, N. Featherstone, S. 2004 p. 47). Cognitive modeling is essential to the learning process as teachers use this to perform a demonstration and verbalize the thinking behind the actions taken (Eggan, P. Kauchak. D. , 2010. p. 182). An obstacle one may face is if some children are having trouble learning how to pass a netball to one another. Often, children instinctively bounce the ball, instead of passing it, as clas sical conditioning has taught them to do so from a young age. The teacher must describe one’s thoughts of how to pass a netball, whilst performing the action, which in turn encourages students to verbalize their understandings in any situation, resulting in a productive learning environment. Modeling is the key concept of social cognitive theory. Cognitive, behavioral and emotional change in children is a result of observing models. Modeling affects people by learning new behaviors, facilitating existing behaviors, changing inhibitions and by arousing emotions (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 183). These observations lead to learner expectations, which in turn are accomplished through self-regulation. Settings goals and monitoring that progress is an essential element of learning. The student observes another student passing the netball. He then models the observation, uses that experience to expand his knowledge thus takes responsibility and control of his learning. Teaching is constantly developing and changing, and the need for motivation is a necessary procedure to support and increase student learning and the teaching process. A common obstacle teacher’s face is how to motivate uninterested and unengaged students. Some students seem naturally enthusiastic about learning, but many need or expect their instructors to inspire, challenge and stimulate them. An unmotivated student is likely to choose work that is inappropriately easy, show a negative attitude, give up quickly and leave tasks unfinished. This can disrupt the students around him and cause interruptions in the learning environment (Nelson, J. Lott L. , Glenn, S. 1997 p. 72). There are two broad forms of motivation; extrinsic – where some students will be motivated by the approval of others, for example, by getting a good grade, and intrinsic motivation, where the learner studies in order to understand the content presented to them because they like the challenge and want to perform (Eggen, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 287). To encourage students to become self motivated and independent learners, teachers can give frequent, early, positive feedback. This supports the students beliefs’ that they can, and are doing well as viewed by the humanistic theory of motivation. The teacher can also help students find personal meaning and value in the material as viewed by cognitive and social cognitive theory of motivation, and create an atmosphere that is open and positive which help students feel that they are a valued member of the learning community which is based on the socioculural theory of motivation. In addition, a teacher can ensure opportunities for students’ success by assigning tasks that are neither too easy nor too difficult which is a view shared by behaviorist theories (Eggen, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 289). It must be understood that individuals are motivated through a wide variety of needs. While teachers can’t make or teach students to be self-motivated, they can encourage and promote this highly desirable trait. To conclude, there are many solutions to the obstacles a teacher may face in a learning environment. A teacher should act and approach a classroom with a professional attitude and an academic manner by being knowledgeable and recognizing the importance for assessing oneself. Teachers must be aware of the influence they make on students’ learning and how to promote positive and engaging classroom environments in order to solve the dilemmas they may be presented with in regards to behaviors students display. Furthermore, teachers need to understand that the process of motivation stems from stimulation, which in turn is followed by an emotional reaction that leads to either a positive or negative behavioral response. By understanding the theories based on solutions to the problems a teacher may face in the classroom, they may have a better chance at expecting when a problem may arise, and resolve the situation immediately.

Free Essays on Sisterhood

Building lasting relationships is one of the most important aspects of life. It not only affects a person’s social life, but their personal life as well. The stronger the bond is, the more it influences their daily life and habits. While many relations have positive effects, there are just as many that negatively affect someone. The people, whom one builds these bonds with, may vary greatly from their grandparents and cousins to their teachers and classmates. Out of the many possible relationships one builds, the most powerful one is sisterhood. It is a sacred friendship between young women, who greatly love each other, which positively affects them even though opposing situations may arise. The power of sisterhood binds girls together with their immense amount of love for each other. Although they tend to fight tremendously, sisters will realize that their yells and tears simply came out of love and will eventually make up. On the other hand, some sisters will quickly apologize knowing that it is the only way for them to receive what they want from the other sister. Sisterhood is also about sharing one’s moods and feelings, whether they are good or bad. If the feelings are good, a sister will openly share the other’s excitement, and if down, the sisters help them through it and even lend them a shoulder to lean on. As sisters learn from each other’s mistakes, they guide one another through life, teaching each other morals and values. Most sisters also look up to each other. Several times the younger one is caught dressing, acting, and wanting to be like their elder sisters. Although some sisters get annoyed of each other, they still hang o ut and enjoy each other’s presence. The respect and closeness between sisters will make them want to do anything for each other, like helping each other deal with their parents and covering for them if they get into trouble. Moreover, sisters are friends as well, who will ... Free Essays on Sisterhood Free Essays on Sisterhood Building lasting relationships is one of the most important aspects of life. It not only affects a person’s social life, but their personal life as well. The stronger the bond is, the more it influences their daily life and habits. While many relations have positive effects, there are just as many that negatively affect someone. The people, whom one builds these bonds with, may vary greatly from their grandparents and cousins to their teachers and classmates. Out of the many possible relationships one builds, the most powerful one is sisterhood. It is a sacred friendship between young women, who greatly love each other, which positively affects them even though opposing situations may arise. The power of sisterhood binds girls together with their immense amount of love for each other. Although they tend to fight tremendously, sisters will realize that their yells and tears simply came out of love and will eventually make up. On the other hand, some sisters will quickly apologize knowing that it is the only way for them to receive what they want from the other sister. Sisterhood is also about sharing one’s moods and feelings, whether they are good or bad. If the feelings are good, a sister will openly share the other’s excitement, and if down, the sisters help them through it and even lend them a shoulder to lean on. As sisters learn from each other’s mistakes, they guide one another through life, teaching each other morals and values. Most sisters also look up to each other. Several times the younger one is caught dressing, acting, and wanting to be like their elder sisters. Although some sisters get annoyed of each other, they still hang o ut and enjoy each other’s presence. The respect and closeness between sisters will make them want to do anything for each other, like helping each other deal with their parents and covering for them if they get into trouble. Moreover, sisters are friends as well, who will ...

When to Use That, Which, and Who

When to Use That, Which, and Who When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who† When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who† By Mark Nichol The proper use of the relative pronouns who, that, and which relate the subject of a sentence to its object, hence the name. The question of which of the three words to use in a given context vexes some writers; here’s an explanation of their relative roles. Who, Whom, and Whose Who and whom refer only to people, and whose almost always does so: â€Å"I have a friend who can help.† â€Å"Whom you associate with is your concern.† â€Å"The person whose jacket was left behind is the likely culprit.† (Whose is sometimes used to refer to an object, as in â€Å"Notice the car whose headlights are off.† This awkward usage should be replaced by, for example, â€Å"Notice the car that has its headlights off† or, better, â€Å"Notice the car with its headlights off.†) That That refers mostly to things, though a class or type of person is also sometimes referred to by this pronoun: â€Å"He has the key that fits in this door.† â€Å"This is a team that is going places.† â€Å"He’s the kind of doctor that volunteers at a clinic on his day off.† Even though the previous sentence is technically correct, it’s usually best to maintain a distinction between people and not-people by using who in reference to a type of person: â€Å"He’s the kind of doctor who volunteers at a clinic on his day off.† (The use of that in association with people itself, however, is well attested, as in â€Å"I don’t like the kind of people that she hangs out with.†) But a class of people is always considered a thing, not a person, so a sentence like â€Å"This is a team who is going places† is never correct. Which Which, like that, refers to things, but a further consideration is that American English usage usually frowns on this word when it appears in a restrictive, or essential, clause, such as â€Å"I chose the card which is blank.† This sentence, which specifies a card among one or more others that are not blank, has a meaning distinct from â€Å"I chose the card, which is blank,† which refers to a single card and then describes it. (This is an example of a nonrestrictive, or nonessential, clause.) To further clarify that distinction, the restrictive form is generally illustrated by using that in favor of which, which is reserved for a nonrestrictive function, as in the preceding phrase. (One exception occurs when which is preceded by another usage of that, as in the sentence â€Å"What is good is that which is natural.†) (This form is sometimes called nonessential because the information that follows which is not required. In the first sample sentence, which is better rendered â€Å"I chose the card that is blank,† the card’s blank state is essential to the context. In â€Å"I chose the card, which is blank,† all we need to know is that the card was chosen; its quality of blankness is incidental.) Many writers and speakers of American English deplore the artificial distinction of favoring that over which in restrictive usage, but it is practical and well established two valid criteria for any variation in purely logical grammar. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureDawned vs. DonnedWhat the Heck are "Peeps"?

Aristotle Greek Philosopher History Research Paper

Aristotle Greek Philosopher History - Research Paper Example Aristotle was closely associated with the Macedonians and so he was stripped of his honour at Delphi. He wrote a letter to Antipater which said â€Å"As for the honour which was voted me at Delphi and of which I have now been stripped, I am neither greatly concerned nor greatly unconcerned†. Aristotle spent the last year of his life in the estates of his mother’s family on the island of Euboea. His academy Lyceum survived after his death and Theophrastus became the new head. (Barnes, pp.3-6). In the later years of his life, Aristotle used to be well-dressed and used to enjoy his days by indulging in the comforts of life. He is described as being bald headed. He had thin legs and small eyes. He was a witty person, spoke with a lisp and had a mocking nature. After his wife died, he lived till his own death in a nonlegal relationship with his mistress Herpyllis. He had a son with her whom he named Nicomachus, after his father. (Magill & Moose, p.130) Philosopher and Teache r In the early years of his life, Aristotle was associated only with physicians and princes. He had no connection with philosophers. The first four phases of his life ended at the age of eighteen when he went to Athens to learn philosophy from Plato. His career was divided into three periods. The first period consisted of the twenty years that he spent in Athens where he stayed till Plato’s death. The second period consisted of the thirteen years in which he traveled as a philosopher and teacher. The third and final period consisted of the years spent in Lyceum after his return to Athens. Plato’s method of teaching was in dialogue form and Aristotle was greatly influenced by this. He began his writings in dialogues and made himself the main speaker in those dialogues. It is... This essay stresses that there are certain theories in Aristotle’s political philosophy that attract criticisms. According to Aristotle, the political community is a â€Å"natural entity like an animal or a man†. According to critics, the political community is completely a â€Å"product of art†. Aristotle compares a politician with a craftsman. By doing this he contradicts his own statement that â€Å"he who first framed the political community was a cause of the greatest goods†. He says that just as a shipbuilder builds a ship out of various things like lumber, canvas, nails etc., a politician similarly forms a constitution out of the citizens of a city-state. If this statement is true, then a political community cannot be a natural entity. This indicates that there is a flaw in the very root of his political philosophy. Aristotle believed that a man has a natural tendency to become civilized and form a civilized society. This has been criticised by the 17th century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes who claims that â€Å"civil society runs, not with, but against the grain of man’s nature†. He said that men are naturally anti-social beings and have no natural urge to form a civil society. The self-contradictory statements of Aristotle make his political philosophy vulnerable to criticisms.  This essay stresses that there are certain theories in Aristotle’s political philosophy that attract criticisms. According to Aristotle, the political community is a â€Å"natural entity like an animal or a man†.

Case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Case analysis - Essay Example This paper analyzes one of the managerial blunders that were taken by a company. This is in regard to the construction of terminal five, at the Heathrow Airport, in Terminal Five. The company that was responsible for constructing this terminal was British Airways. British Airways is the largest airline carrier in the United Kingdom. This is based on the number of fleets it operates, the size of the company, and the international destinations of the company. The intention of the company in constructing this terminal was that it should give it the capacity of increasing its revenue, and improving its public status and image. However, this turned out to be one of the strategic blunders of British Airways. This paper would examine this blunder, in relation to the theories of strategic management. Initially, the air transport industry was a government owned and managed industry. This is in almost all the countries of the world. However, because of the emergence of capitalism, and liberalization of the economies, various governments began to liberalize the airline industry, and allow for private ownership. This includes countries such as the United Kingdom which has allowed for the private ownership of the airline industry (Barney and Hesterly, 2006). For example, the British Airports Authority is a private company that manages and operates six airports in the United Kingdom, and this includes the London Heathrow Airport. It is at this airport that British Airways decided to construct the terminal five, which was to enable it expand its operations, and increase the number of its passengers. It is important to explain that the airline industry is driven mainly by profits, and this makes it to be one of the most competitive business industries in the world (Fojt, 2006). This is the reason why there is an emergence of other airline companies operating in the United Kingdom, and they include Virgin Atlantic, British Midland International

The Bet Essay Example for Free

The Bet Essay In the story â€Å"The Bet† by Anton Chekhov, the lawyer and the banker make a bet, which is better solution capital punishment or life imprisonment. The banker then bet two million dollars that the lawyer would not stand five years in a room alone with no means of communication except through a small hole, but the lawyer said he would stay in the room for fifteen years and with that, they closed the bet. For fifteen years, the lawyer stayed in the room reading and learning new things and on the last night before the day he retakes his freedom and his two million dollars, the banker tries to sabotage the lawyer by trying to kill him. However, after reading the letter that the lawyer wrote he stopped and cried. The next morning, five minutes before the bet was over the lawyer ran away and lost the bet and the banker kept the letter that the lawyer wrote and locked it in his safe. The author Anton Chekhov talked about the moral value of human life and the consequences it bears, such as capital punishment and life imprisonment. When the banker and the lawyer argued about what punishment is better, it showed how they do not take the value of human life seriously. This led them to make the bet. The author then presents a form of foreshadowing. When he wrote life imprisonment, it showed what happens to one of them and it did. The bet was that the lawyer should stay confined in room for fifteen years and it similar to life imprisonment because the lawyer would feel the same way a prisoner would feel living his life in prison. The story gives you unexpected ending because of what the lawyer decided to do in the end. The banker who can be described as an over-excited, arrogant man started to put up the bet against the lawyer. The author shows that the banker is conceited that he was sure that he could get the better of the lawyer, however the story does not end that way. Anton Chekhov showed the weak side of the banker, which is that he, would not be able to accept if the lawyer won the bet. This quote, The only escape from bankruptcy and disgrace is that the man should die, clearly shows the cowardly trait of the banker because with his desperation of winning, he would go in so much trouble to kill the lawyer just so he would not lose his money. In addition, this concludes that his self-value of the moral value of human life have reached their all time low.

Politics of Jamaica :: Essays on Politics

The political and economic history of Jamaica is based upon its foundation as a slave colony. From the beginning, the colony was under Spanish rule that relied upon native slave laboring in the sugar fields. The first law to be implemented upon the island under Spanish rule was the Repartimiento, introduced by Governor Esquivel, the first governor of Jamaica. The law enabled colonists to apply for and receive special permission to use the natives for a period of time; forcing them into labors such as planting and logging (Bennett 70). Francisco de Garay, who became governor in 1514, enacted an other set of regulations called the Requermiento (The Requirement) (Bennett 70). This system was implemented with the basis that the colonists had to convert the natives to Christianity; Garay was hopeful that in doing so, the natives would â€Å"be tractable, properly maintained and live and greatly multiply† (Sherlock 70). The Jamaican natives and imported African slaves endured Spanish rule for 150 years until the invasion of the British in 1655. The fleet of Admiral Penn and the ground troops of General Venables were able to conquer the island fairly quickly; although there was several failed attempts by the Spanish to regain the land. A civil government was established in English Jamaica in 1663 which attracted settlers to the island (Bennett 84). Lord Windsor, who succeeded D’Oyley as governor in December 1661, implemented a proclamation that defined the â€Å"status of the settlers† (Bennett 86). The proclamation allowed settlers to benefit from generous land grants in Jamaica. Governor Windsor was the administrator of the island along with a council of twelve men; a House of Assembly with 30 or more elected representatives; and a local council of justices in each parish (Bennett 86). The ‘council of twelve’ was nominated by the Colonial Office in England based upon recommendations by the governor (Sherlock 86). This council later became the Upper House of the Legislature. This new government had the power to pass laws; all of which had to be approved by the Crown within two years of being passed (Bennett 87). The introduction of a Crown colony government in 1865 was a central change for Jamaica, as the power shifted from a white minority to Parliament in England (Bennett 375).

Frostbite Chapter 8

Eight Christian was kissing her, and wow, was it a kiss. He wasn't messing around. It was the kind of kiss that small children shouldn't be allowed to see. Hell, it was the kind of kiss no one should be allowed to see- let alone experience through a psychic link. As I've noted before, strong emotion from Lissa could make this phenomenon happen- the one where I got pulled inside her head. But always, always, it was because of some negative emotion. She'd get upset or angry or depressed, and that would reach out to me. But this time? She wasn't upset. She was happy. Very, very happy. Oh man. I needed to get out of here. They were up in the attic of the school's chapel or, as I liked to call it, their love nest. The place had been a regular hangout for them, back when each of them was feeling antisocial and wanted to escape. Eventually, they'd decided to be antisocial together, and one thing had led to another. Since they started publicly dating, I hadn't known they spent much time here anymore. Maybe they were back for old time's sake. And indeed, a celebration did seem to be going on. Little scented candles were set up around the dusty old place, candles that filled the air with the scent of lilacs. I would have been a little nervous about setting all those candles in a confined space filled with flammable boxes and books, but Christian probably figured he could control any accidental infernos. They finally broke that insanely long kiss and pulled back to look at each other. They lay on their sides on the floor. Several blankets had been spread under them. Christian's face was open and tender as he regarded Lissa, his pale blue eyes aglow with some inner emotion. It was different from the way Mason regarded me. There was certainly adoration with him, but Mason's was a lot like when you walk into a church and fall to your knees in awe and fear of something you worship but don't really understand. Christian clearly worshipped Lissa in his way, but there was a knowing glint to his eyes, a sense that the two of them shared an understanding of each other so perfect and powerful that they didn't even need words to convey it. â€Å"Don't you think we're going to go to hell for this?† asked Lissa. He reached out and touched her face, trailing his fingers along her cheek and neck and down to the top of her silky shirt. She breathed heavily at that touch, at the way it could be so gentle and small, yet evoke such a strong passion within her. â€Å"For this?† He played with the shirt's edge, letting his finger just barely brush inside of it. â€Å"No,† she laughed. â€Å"For this.† She gestured around the attic. â€Å"This is a church. We shouldn't be doing this kind of, um, thing up here.† â€Å"Not true,† he argued. Gently, he pushed her onto her back and leaned over her. â€Å"The church is downstairs. This is just storage. God won't mind.† â€Å"You don't believe in God,† she chastised. Her hands made their way down his chest. Her movements were as light and deliberate as his, yet they clearly triggered the same powerful response in him. He sighed happily as her hands slid under his shirt and up his stomach. â€Å"I'm humoring you.† â€Å"You'd say anything right now,† she accused. Her fingers caught the edge of his shirt and pushed it up. He shifted so she could push it all the way off him and then leaned back over her, bare-chested. â€Å"You're right,† he agreed. He carefully undid one button on her blouse. Just one. Then he again leaned down and gave her one of those hard, deep kisses. When he came up for air, he continued on as though nothing had happened. â€Å"Tell me what you need to hear, and I'll say it.† He unfastened another button. â€Å"There's nothing I need to hear,† she laughed. Another button popped free. â€Å"You can tell me whatever you want- it'd just be nice if it were true.† â€Å"The truth, huh? No one wants to hear the truth. The truth is never sexy. But you †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The last button came undone, and he spread her shirt away. â€Å"You are too goddamned sexy to be real.† His words held his trademark snarky tone, but his eyes conveyed a different message entirely. I was witnessing this scene through Lissa's eyes, but I could imagine what he saw. Her smooth, white skin. Slender waist and hips. A lacy white bra. Through her, I could feel that the lace was itchy, but she didn't care. Feelings both fond and hungry spread over his features. From within Lissa, I could feel her heart race and breathing quicken. Emotions similar to Christian's clouded all other coherent thoughts. Shifting down, he lay on top of her, pressing their bodies together. His mouth sought hers out again, and as their lips and tongues made contact, I knew I had to get out of there. Because I understood it now. I understood why Lissa had dressed up and why the love nest had been decked out like a Yankee Candles showroom. This was it. The moment. After a month of dating, they were going to have sex. Lissa, I knew, had done it before with a past boyfriend. I didn't know Christian's past, but I sincerely doubted many girls had fallen prey to his abrasive charm. But in feeling what Lissa felt, I could tell that none of that mattered. Not in that moment. In that moment, there were only the two of them and the way they felt about each other right now. And in a life filled with more worries than someone her age should have had, Lissa felt absolutely certain about what she was doing now. It was what she wanted. What she'd wanted for a very long time with him. And I had no right to be witnessing it. Who was I kidding? I didn't want to witness it. I took no pleasure in watching other people get it on, and I sure as hell didn't want to experience sex with Christian. It'd be like losing my virginity virtually. But Jesus Christ, Lissa wasn't making it easy to get out of her head. She had no desire to detach from her feelings and emotions, and the stronger they grew, the stronger they held me. Trying to distance myself from her, I focused my energies on coming back to myself, concentrating as hard as I could. More clothes disappeared †¦ Come on, come on, I told myself sternly. The condom came out†¦ yikes. You're your own person, Rose. Get back in your head. Their limbs intertwined, their bodies moving together †¦ Son of a- I ripped out of her and back to myself. Once again, I was back in my room, but I no longer had any interest in packing my backpack. My whole world was askew. I felt strange and violated- almost unsure if I was Rose or if I was Lissa. I also felt that resentment toward Christian again. I certainly didn't want to have sex with Lissa, but there was that same pang inside of me, that frustrated feeling that I was no longer the center of her world. Leaving the backpack untouched, I went right to bed, wrapping my arms around myself and curling into a ball to try to squelch the ache within my chest. I fell asleep pretty quickly and woke up early as a result. Usually, I had to be dragged out of bed to go meet Dimitri, but today I showed up early enough that I actually beat him to the gym. As I waited, I saw Mason cutting across to one of the buildings that held classrooms. â€Å"Whoa,† I called. â€Å"Since when are you up this early?† â€Å"Since I had to retake a math test,† he said, walking over to me. He gave me his mischievous smile. â€Å"Might be worth skipping, though, to hang out with you.† I laughed, remembering my conversation with Lissa. Yes, there were definitely worse things I could do than flirt and start something with Mason. â€Å"Nah. You might get in trouble, then I'd have no real challenge on the slopes.† He rolled his eyes, still smiling. â€Å"I'm the one with no real challenge, remember?† â€Å"You ready to bet on something yet? Or are you still too afraid?† â€Å"Watch it,† he warned, â€Å"or I might take back your Christmas present.† â€Å"You got me a present?† I hadn't expected that. â€Å"Yup. But if you keep back-talking, I might give it to someone else.† â€Å"Like Meredith?† I teased. â€Å"She isn't even in your league, and you know it.† â€Å"Even with a black eye?† I asked with a grimace. â€Å"Even with two black eyes.† The look he gave me just then wasn't teasing or even really suggestive. It was just nice. Nice, friendly, and interested. Like he really cared. After all the stress lately, I decided I liked being cared about. And with the neglect I was starting to feel from Lissa, I realized I also kind of liked having someone who wanted to pay so much attention to me. â€Å"What are you doing on Christmas?† I asked. He shrugged. â€Å"Nothing. My mom almost came down but had to cancel at the last minute †¦ you know, with everything that happened.† Mason's mother wasn't a guardian. She was a dhampir who'd chosen to just be domestic and have kids. As a result, I knew he saw her quite a bit. It was ironic, I thought, that my mom actually was here, but for all intents and purposes, she might as well have been somewhere else. â€Å"Come hang with me,† I said on impulse. â€Å"I'll be with Lissa and Christian and his aunt. It'll be fun.† â€Å"Really?† â€Å"Very fun.† â€Å"That's not what I was asking about.† I grinned. â€Å"I know. Just be there, okay?† He swept me one of the gallant bows he liked to make. â€Å"Absolutely.† Mason wandered off just as Dimitri showed up for our practice. Talking to Mason had made me feel giddy and happy; I hadn't thought about my face at all with him. But with Dimitri, I suddenly became self-conscious. I didn't want to be anything less than perfect with him, and as we walked inside, I went out of my way to avert my face so he couldn't look at me full-on. Worrying about that brought my mood down, and as it plummeted, all the other things that had been upsetting me came tumbling back. We returned to the training room with the dummies, and he told me he simply wanted me to practice the maneuvers from two days ago. Happy he wasn't going to bring up the fight, I set to my task with a burning zeal, showing the dummies just what would happen if they messed with Rose Hathaway. I knew my fighting fury was fired up by more than just a simple desire to do well. My feelings were out of control this morning, raw and intense after both the fight with my mother and what I'd witnessed with Lissa and Christian last night. Dimitri sat back and watched me, occasionally critiquing my technique and offering suggestions for new tactics. â€Å"Your hair's in the way,† he said at one point. â€Å"Not only are you blocking your peripheral vision, you're running the risk of letting your enemy get a handhold.† â€Å"If I'm actually in a fight, I'll wear it up.† I grunted as I shoved the stake neatly up between the dummy's â€Å"ribs.† I didn't know what these artificial bones were made of, but they were a bitch to work around. I thought about my mom again and added a little extra force to the jab. â€Å"I'm just wearing it down today, that's all.† â€Å"Rose,† he said warningly. Ignoring him, I plunged again. His voice came more sharply the next time he spoke. â€Å"Rose. Stop.† I backed away from the dummy, surprised to find my breathing labored. I hadn't realized I was working that hard. My back hit the wall. With nowhere to go, I looked away from him, directing my eyes toward the ground. â€Å"Look at me,† he ordered. â€Å"Dimitri- â€Å" â€Å"Look at me.† No matter our close history, he was still my instructor. I couldn't refuse a direct order. Slowly, reluctantly, I turned toward him, still tilting my head slightly down so the hair hung over the sides of my face. Rising from his chair, he walked over and stood before me. I avoided his eyes but saw his hand move forward to brush back my hair. Then it stopped. As did my breathing. Our short-lived attraction had been filled with questions and reservations, but one thing I'd known for sure: Dimitri had loved my hair. Maybe he still loved it. It was great hair, I'll admit. Long and silky and dark. He used to find excuses to touch it, and he'd counseled me against cutting it as so many female guardians did. His hand hovered there, and the world stood still as I waited to see what he would do. After what seemed like an eternity, he let his hand gradually fall back to his side. Burning disappointment washed over me, yet at the same time, I'd learned something. He'd hesitated. He'd been afraid to touch me, which maybe- just maybe- meant he still wanted to. He'd had to hold himself back. I slowly tipped my head back so that we made eye contact. Most of my hair fell back from my face- but not all. His hand trembled again, and I hoped again he'd reach forward. The hand steadied. My excitement dimmed. â€Å"Does it hurt?† he asked. The scent of that aftershave, mingled with his sweat, washed over me. God, I wished he had touched me. â€Å"No,† I lied. â€Å"It doesn't look so bad,† he told me. â€Å"It'll heal.† â€Å"I hate her,† I said, astonished at just how much venom those three words held. Even while suddenly turned on and wanting Dimitri, I still couldn't drop the grudge I held against my mother. â€Å"No, you don't,† he said gently. â€Å"I do.† â€Å"You don't have time to hate anyone,† he advised, his voice still kind. â€Å"Not in our profession. You should make peace with her.† Lissa had said exactly the same thing. Outrage joined my other emotions. That darkness within me started to unfurl. â€Å"Make peace with her? After she gave me a black eye on purpose! Why am I the only one who sees how crazy that is?† â€Å"She absolutely did not do it on purpose,† he said, voice hard. â€Å"No matter how much you resent her, you have to believe that. She wouldn't do that, and anyway, I saw her later that day. She was worried about you.† â€Å"Probably more worried someone will bring her up on child abuse charges,† I grumbled. â€Å"Don't you think this is the time of year for forgiveness?† I sighed loudly. â€Å"This isn't a Christmas special! This is my life. In the real world, miracles and goodness just don't happen.† He was still eyeing my calmly. â€Å"In the real world, you can make your own miracles.† My frustration suddenly hit a breaking point, and I gave up trying to maintain my control. I was so tired of being told reasonable, practical things whenever something went wrong in my life. Somewhere in me, I knew Dimitri only wanted to help, but I just wasn't up for the well-meant words. I wanted comfort for my problems. I didn't want to think about what would make me a better person. I wished he'd just hold me and tell me not to worry. â€Å"Okay, can you just stop this for once?† I demanded, hands on my hips. â€Å"Stop what?† â€Å"The whole profound Zen crap thing. You don't talk to me like a real person. Everything you say is just some wise, life-lesson nonsense. You really do sound like a Christmas special.† I knew it wasn't entirely fair to take my anger out on him, but I found myself practically shouting. â€Å"I swear, sometimes it's just like you want to hear yourself talk! And I know you're not always this way. You were perfectly normal when you talked to Tasha. But with me? You're just going through the motions. You don't care about me. You're just stuck in your stupid mentor role.† He stared at me, uncharacteristically surprised. â€Å"I don't care about you?† â€Å"No.† I was being petty- very, very petty. And I knew the truth- that he did care and was more than just a mentor. I couldn't help myself, though. It just kept coming and coming. I jabbed his chest with my finger. â€Å"I'm another student to you. You just go on and on with your stupid life lessons so that- â€Å" The hand I'd hoped would touch my hair suddenly reached out and grabbed my pointing hand. He pinned it to the wall, and I was surprised to see a flare of emotion in his eyes. It wasn't exactly anger†¦but it was frustration of another kind. â€Å"Don't tell me what I'm feeling,† he growled. I saw then that half of what I'd said was true. He was almost always calm, always in control- even when fighting. But he'd also told me how he'd once snapped and beaten up his Moroi father. He'd actually been like me once- always on the verge of acting without thinking, doing things he knew he shouldn't. â€Å"That's it, isn't it?† I asked. â€Å"What?† â€Å"You're always fighting for control. You're the same as me.† â€Å"No,† he said, still obviously worked up. â€Å"I've learned my control.† Something about this new realization emboldened me. â€Å"No,† I informed him. â€Å"You haven't. You put on a good face, and most of the time you do stay in control. But sometimes you can't. And sometimes †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I leaned forward, lowering my voice. â€Å"Sometimes you don't want to.† â€Å"Rose†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I could see his labored breathing and knew his heart was beating as quickly as mine. And he wasn't pulling away. I knew this was wrong- knew all the logical reasons for us staying apart. But right then, I didn't care. I didn't want to control myself. I didn't want to be good. Before he realized what was happening, I kissed him. Our lips met, and when I felt him kiss me back, I knew I was right. He pressed himself closer, trapping me between him and the wall. He kept holding my hand, but his other one snaked behind my head, sliding into my hair. The kiss was filled with so much intensity; it held anger, passion, release†¦. He was the one who broke it. He jerked away from me and took several steps back, looking shaken. â€Å"Do not do that again,† he said stiffly. â€Å"Don't kiss me back then,† I retorted. He stared at me for what seemed like forever. â€Å"I don't give ‘Zen lessons' to hear myself talk. I don't give them because you're another student. I'm doing this to teach you control.† â€Å"You're doing a great job,† I said bitterly. He closed his eyes for half a second, exhaled, and muttered something in Russian. Without another glance at me, he turned and left the room.

Egyptian Art: Sakhmet

The archaeologist came to this conclusion based on hieroglyph samples at Gaza, which showed clear and deep cuts in diorite and granite. Sesames is an Egyptian, African sun goddess whose name meaner â€Å"The Powerful One†. Sesames reigned over Egypt from 1390- 1352 B. C. E. It's said she was known to have always been draped in red garments hence another one of her many nicknames was â€Å"Red Lady'. The symbolism of her red garments, were from the blood of her conquered enemies. Her name is derived from the Egyptian word â€Å"Seem† (which meaner â€Å"power† or â€Å"might†) and is often translated as the â€Å"Powerful One†.She is depicted as a lion-headed woman, sometimes with the addition of a sun disc on her head. Her seated statues show her holding the ankh of life, but when she is shown striding or standing she usually holds a scepter formed from papyrus (the symbol of northern or Lower Egypt) suggesting that she was associated primarily wit h the north. However, some scholars argue that the deity was introduced from Sudan (south of Egypt) where lions are more plentiful. It was said that her breath formed the desert. She was seen as the protector of the harass and led them in warfare.Sesames was associated with the goddesses given the title â€Å"Eye of Re† she wore a sun-disk and cobra on her brow, identifying her as the daughter of the sun god Re. According to myth, Ra became angry because mankind was not following his laws and preserving Matt Justice or balance). He decided to punish mankind by sending an aspect of his daughter, the â€Å"Eye of Ra†. He plucked Hath from Areas on his brow, and sent her to earth in the form of a lion. She became Scheme, the â€Å"Eye of Re† and began her rampage. The fields ran with human load. However, Re was not a cruel deity, and the sight of the carnage caused him to repent.He ordered her to stop, but she was in a blood lust and would not listen. So Re poured 7,000 Jugs of beer and pomegranate Juice (which stained the beer blood red) in her path. She gorged on the â€Å"blood† and became so drunk she slept for three days. When she awoke, her blood lust had dissipated, and humanity was saved. In another version of the myth, Path is the first thing she sees on awaking and she instantly fell in love with him. Their union (creation and destruction) created Unfetter (healing) and so re-established Matt. The saving of mankind was commemorated every year on the feast day of Hath/Scheme.Everyone drank beer stained with pomegranate Juice and worshipped â€Å"the Mistress and lady of the tomb, gracious one, destroyer of rebellion, mighty one of enchantments†. A statue of Scheme was dressed in red facing west, while Bass was dressed in green and faced east. Bass was sometimes considered to be Sesames ‘s counterpart (or twin depending on the legend), and in the festival of Hath they embodied the duality central to Egyptian mythol ogy. Scheme represented Upper Egypt while Bass represented Lower Egypt. In her role as the eye of Re, Sesames was dispatched abroad to destroy Egypt enemies.Sesames became angered when she discovered Re set another goddess in her place while she was away. The Eye refused to return and protect Egypt, until pacified by wine, music, and dance. The Egyptians explained the sun's annual motion toward the south and then back to Egypt as the Eye's departure and return. In other myth's, Re's Eye symbolized natural phenomena, such as the Niles flood and the Egyptian new year. Although Kismet's true form was believed to be hidden, this bust's lioness face refers to her power and fierce nature, which could either defend or destroy.The goddess's benevolence and protection were deemed particularly necessary at times of transition, such as the new day or year. Amputated Ill commissioned two or more Sesames statues for each day in the year, compelling the goddess's favor and protection. Many statue s of Sesames were found in the precinct of Mute Kara. Since Kismet's actions were primarily destructive while Mute represented protection, the two goddesses were sometimes insider as the positive and negative aspects of one deity.In conclusion, my trip to the Brooklyn Museum of art was not my first, nor will it be my last, but it was the most entertaining and informative trip. Next time I go I will definitely bring some friends along so they can enjoy the rich Egyptian culture as much as I did. This is a statue of Sesames. Medium: Grandiosity Place Found: Thebes, Egypt Dates: ca. 1390-1352 B. C. E. Dynasty: XVIII Dynasty Period: New Kingdom Dimensions: 39 x 19 7/8 x 15 9/16 TN. (99 x 50. 5 x 39. 5 CM)

Guzman Surname Meaning and Origin

Guzman Surname Meaning and Origin The Guzman surname comes from uncertain origins. Two of the disputed theories include: A descendant of Guzmn (good man), a lord or nobleman. It could also indicate a cadet or noble who served in the military.  A habitational surname from  de Guzmn, or  of Guzmn, derived from the village of Guzmn (es) in the province of Burgos, Spain.As an  eastern Ashkenazic name, it could be a variant of Gusman, an  occupational name for a metalworker, from the Yiddish gus, meaning casting and  man. The ancient Guzman surname is the 43rd most common Hispanic surname, and found in all parts of Spain and the Hispanic world. Surname Origin:  Spanish Alternate Surname Spellings:  GUSMAN Where Do People With the Surname Live? According to WorldNames PublicProfiler, individuals with the Guzman surname are found in greatest numbers in Argentina, especially the regions of Argentine Northwest, Cuyo, Gran Chaco, Patagonia, and The Pampas. However, their surname distribution results do not include data from all of the Hispanic countries. Forebears pegs the Guzman surname as most frequently found in the countries of Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Guatemala, Chile,  El Salvador, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Colombia, followed by Venezuela, Argentina, Peru, Cuba, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Spain. Famous People With the Surname Emerita de Guzman - Filipino scientistSanto Domingo de Guzmn (Saint Dominic) - founder of the Order of Friars Preachers, commonly called the DominicansLuis Guzman - Puerto Rican actor Genealogy Resources for the Surname Guzman Family Crest: It May Not Be What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a coat of arms for the Guzman surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may be rightfully used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   GUZMAN Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Guzman surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Guzman query. Source: Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia.  Bergenfield, NJ:  Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings.  Chicago:  Polish Genealogical Society, 1993. Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow.  Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

11 High-Paying Jobs with High Job Satisfaction

11 High-Paying Jobs with High Job Satisfaction You hear a lot about the â€Å"American dream,† and although it ultimately means something different to everyone, there tend to be some common themes: making money doing something you find satisfying/fulfilling/enjoyable. No career is going to be all sunshine and flowers all the time- no matter what you do, or how much you love your job, there will be lousy days, and days where you just don’t want to go to work. But on the whole, if you know you’re doing something satisfying and are making a solid amount of money doing it, you’re doing pretty well. So what are these fields that have high satisfaction coupled with high paychecks? The folks at PayScale have done a survey to help illuminate this magic career intersection. Let’s look at 11 of their top high satisfaction, high pay jobs.Radiation TherapistHealthcare careers rate pretty highly on this list, especially the more skilled positions. In medicine or healthcare, you have pretty clear outcomes- if you’ve helped treat someone or helped them to recover from an illness or injury, that’s a pretty clear reward. Radiation therapists treat cancer and other diseases with the use of radiation treatments and equipment.Education needed: Associate’s degree or Bachelor’s degree, plus licensing or certification in most statesMedian salary: $80,220Satisfaction rate: 86%Outlook: The field is likely to grow by at least 14% by 2024 (significantly faster than average), per the U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsEducation Administrator (Elementary, Middle, and High School)If, like Whitney Houston, you believe that children are our future, becoming a school administrator is a job that pays well and gives a high personal sense of accomplishment and difference-making. School administrators (often principals or other executive roles) are responsible for managing all school operations- daily activities, faculty and staff, curricula, safety, budgets, etc. It’s a role th at carries a lot of responsibility, and often requires a tough-but-fair persona to make sure that everything is running smoothly, safely, and productively for students.Education needed: Master’s degreeMedian salary: $90,410Satisfaction rate: 88%Outlook: The field is likely to grow by at least 6% by 2024 (about average), per the U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsPhysical TherapistPhysical therapists take an active role in helping patients recover from illness or injury, as well as improve movement and manage pain/symptoms. These professionals focus on helping people regain range of motion, and the kinds of skills they need to cope with everyday activities. Physical therapists don’t spend their days behind a desk- they’re usually found working directly with patients. Physical therapists work in hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, and public health facilities.Education needed: Doctorate of Physical Therapy (DPT), plus licensing (which is currently required in all state s)Median salary: $84,020Satisfaction rate: 79%Outlook: The field is likely to grow by at least 34% by 2024 (way faster than average), per the U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsPediatricianProfessionals who work with kids tend to report high job satisfaction in general, especially if they are actively helping children. Not all of these rewarding careers are high-paying, though- for example, child social workers report very high satisfaction with their jobs, but earn a median income of $33,900. For a career path that is highly rated and high-paying, consider going into pediatric medicine. Pediatricians are physicians that exclusively treat children, ranging from infants to adolescents. They work in hospitals, clinics, or other healthcare facilities.Education needed: Medical DoctorateMedian salary: $149,000Satisfaction rate: 89%Outlook: The field is likely to grow by at least 14% by 2024 (much faster than average), per the U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsAudiologistIf you’ve ever se en those viral videos where little kids with hearing disabilities hear something (a parent’s voice, music, animal sounds) for the first time, you may not have noticed the medical professional close by. (Or, if you’re like me, you may not have noticed anything, because you were sniffling too hard while pretending not to be crying at your desk.) The person you don’t always see- but is almost always present- in those moments is an audiologist, whose work with the patient helped enable him or her to hear better. Audiologists work in hospitals, clinics, or healthcare facilities to diagnose, manage, and treat a patient’s hearing, balance, or ear problems.Education needed: Doctorate or professional degree, plus licensing (which is currently required in all states)Median salary: $74,890Satisfaction rate: 70%Outlook: The field is likely to grow by at least 29% by 2024 (much faster than average), per the U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsOccupational Therapist Assista ntsOccupational therapists work as part of a care team (and usually under the direction of an occupational therapist) to help patients develop or recover the skills they need to live and work every day. Occupational therapist assistants are often the ones working most directly with patients, helping them move, walk, and learn how to perform work or personal care tasks after an injury or in coping with a chronic illness.Education needed: Associate’s degree or Bachelor’s degree, plus licensing or certification in most statesMedian salary: $54,520Satisfaction rate: 81%Outlook: The field is likely to grow by at least 40% by 2024 (much faster than average), per the U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsOptometristMuch like the audiologists above, optometrists find great fulfillment in helping patients with another sense: sight, this time. Optometrists are Allied Health professionals who examine eyes, evaluate eye health, diagnose problems, prescribe glasses and contact lenses, and help treat eye diseases and injuries.Education needed: Doctorate or professional degree, plus licensing (which is currently required in all states)Median salary: $103,900Satisfaction rate: 81%Outlook: The field is likely to grow by at least 27% by 2024 (much faster than average), per the U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsDental HygienistDental hygienists often get the â€Å"bad cop† tasks in the dentist’s office, since they’re the ones who can tell you’re totally lying when you say you floss every single day, rain or shine. Yet despite that, they feel pretty happy about their career day-to-day satisfaction (79%), likely because they provide front-line dental care, and work with patients on follow up care to keep those choppers white and pearly. Dental hygienists clean teeth, evaluate signs of oral disease (like gingivitis), assist dentists during procedures, and educate patients on preventative and follow-up care.Education needed: Associate’s degree, plus licensing (which is currently required in all states)Median salary: $72,330Satisfaction rate: 79%Outlook: The field is likely to grow by at least 19% by 2024 (faster than average), per the U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsArbitrator/MediatorIf you have strong negotiation skills and like the satisfaction of sealing a deal that works for all parties, then becoming an arbitrator/mediator might be right for you. These professionals basically broker agreements and resolve conflicts between parties by providing a neutral facilitator and keeping an open dialogue between the parties. Not everyone gets what they want, but the arbitrator him- or herself gets a career that offers satisfying resolutions to tricky problems.Education needed: Bachelor’s degree, with supplemental studies in conflict resolutionMedian salary: $58,020Satisfaction rate: 90%Outlook: The field is likely to grow by at least 9% by 2024 (faster than average), per the U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsPublic Relation s ManagerPublic relations managers thrive on public buzz, and making sure that their company, brand, or client is getting the right recognition with the target audience. Public relations professionals come up with campaigns, manage press relations, set messaging and branding, and work to maintain their brand’s public image. As the face or voice for a company or brand, it can be a demanding role, but receives high marks for overall job satisfaction.Education needed: Associate’s degree, plus licensing (which is currently required in all states)Median salary: $60,660Satisfaction rate: 73%Outlook: The field is likely to grow by at least 7% by 2024 (about average), per the U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsMedical and Health Services ManagerMedical and health services managers, also known as healthcare managers, are part of the wave of growing healthcare jobs in general, and insurance-related jobs especially, as that technology and legal/insurance implications grow and change. These managers plan, direct, and coordinate medical and health services in physicians’ offices, hospitals, agencies, or other healthcare settings.Education needed: Bachelor’s degreeMedian salary: $94,500Satisfaction rate: 81%Outlook: The field is likely to grow by at least 17% by 2024 (must faster than average), per the U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsWhile these jobs may not have the million-dollar signing bonuses of your childhood baseball-playing dreams, or the glamour of your secret Oscar-winning aspirations, they’re career paths that are achievable (and realistic) if you’re able to put in the time, energy, and education to chase that high-paying, high-satisfaction job.

The use, abuse and misuse of performance enhancing drugs including Research Paper

The use, abuse and misuse of performance enhancing drugs including painkillers in sports - Research Paper Example This normally involves a series of workouts and hard training programs, which may make some of these athletes to turn to performance enhancing drugs (Barr, n.d). Traditional training methods involved by any sports athletes includes keeping on a strict diet of healthy foods and drinks that trainers prescribes, daily and routing work outs on their skills and training sessions to help keep their bodies fit. Some of these athletes turn to performance enhancing drugs to help them improve their performance in the field, or to get faster results in sports without lots of training. In addition, these drugs may be prescribed for medicinal use to athletes, but contain some chemicals that enhance the performance of the athlete unknowingly. The athlete acquires others for the sole purpose of enhancing their performance in the field (Orchard et al., 2006). The need to use drugs by athletes has been researched by Coleman and in an article by Prince (2007), whereby he states that an athlete’ s choice to use drugs is based on some of the following factors. First the athlete may use performance enhancing drugs due to cultural, social policy or attitudes and policing. This implies that the athlete’s cultures and norms may prompt him/her to use the drugs in order to fulfill gain acceptance in their culture. Secondly, environmental factors that includes conditioning, learning and life events, in which the athlete grows in and tries to emulate in sports. Thirdly, athlete’s interpersonal relationship with peers and family members may influence their use of performance enhancing drugs. Therefore, being from a family of athletes or working under the shadow of high performing athletes in the family or society may make them use these drugs to enhance their own performance. Another factor is at an intrapersonal, where the athlete develops cognitively feeling inferior, hence may use performance enhancing drugs to achieve high levels of performance. In addition, with al l these factors in place, the choice of use, abuse or misuse of performance enhancing drugs by any athlete comes to a matter of choice. Athletes use performance-enhancing drugs because in many cases they seek an easy way to achieve maximum performance, with minimum effort. Moreover, they feel that if they use these drugs they shall get a winning edge over their competition. As Coleman relates drive in profit, gaining techniques is the main driving force for any athlete to use performance-enhancing drugs. He clarifies that the athlete has a choice to choose between hard training and work or use performance enhancing drugs. Since benefits of using the drugs outweigh the bad, they turn to these drugs for an extra edge. In addition, athletes have the urge to get socially recognized and approved, and are mainly driven by the rational choice and force to succeed and break records in the fields influence their use of these drugs (Prince, 2007). Increase of use and misuse of performance enh ancing drugs has led to the formation of the World Anti- Doping Agency (WADA) to combat this in sports world wide. This agency later gave the criteria in which a drug is considered as illegal for use in any sports (Gerrard, 2005). The first criteria is that any drugs that performance enhancing to any athletes or gives them extra help over the other violates this rule. Secondly, it is stated that any drug that is deemed to cause health

American Muslims in the United States Research Paper

American Muslims in the United States - Research Paper Example This means the rest of the population could be Muslims on temporary visits and residence in the country. In as much as this diversity has an aesthete, a deeper scrutiny reveals It is essential to highlight of the notable factors that have influenced movements of Muslims from the Middle East to the US. To begin with, Arabs, as Muslims, have pursued education in the Western countries. This thrives on the belief that the Western countries have better educational structures and systems than home countries. In addition, economic incentives such as job opportunities and a dynamic investment platform attracted the Arabs. Emigration could also be explained by the wars and instability in the Middle East. The core character of this migration has majorly contributed towards the misconception of Muslims. To begin with, a common stereotype describes Muslims as only Arabs (Sirin and Fine 198). This belief ignores the fact that the Muslim community is a culturally diverse population. For instance, there are South Asians, Arabs, and African Americans in the Muslim community. Indeed, around 60% of US born Muslims are African Americans (Bayor 19). In spite of the excessive illuminated attention towards the Arab Muslims, African American Muslims have existed since the days of civil rights movement. Malcolm X, an activist for African Americans’ right, is one of the most conspicuous of this outfit (Abdullah 11). In addition, these groups have diverse styles of worship that are unique to their unique ethnic identity. It is crucial to highlight that the stereotype and misconceptions about Muslims is largely a media and commercial-driven phenomenon. Americans mostly drive their preconceptions and misconceptions from the films and commercials that portray Muslims in give ways. To begin with, films and commercials significantly portray Arabs as Muslims and portray

Feminist Perspectives on Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Feminist Perspectives on Land Law - Essay Example One of the important social factors contributing to this question has resulted from the fact that in recent year's family home has been used to secure for business borrowings in which both spouses are required to sign the relevant documents. There have been other economic and political factors which has supported this economic decision. This presents a new situation which brought to surface the impact of 'undue influence' on the minority and weaker section representing wives; on the ground of emotional and financial dependence on the husband. Some of the other factors have been increased owner-occupation since second World war, government encouragement to small businesses in 1980's and increasing trend for spouses to hold jointly the legal title to the family home.. The real source of the problem has emerged from the fact that though wife is now required to execute documents charging the family home, it does not necessarily mean that she has an equal involvement with her husband in planning the transaction or an equal voice when it comes to making the decision to sign. The role of the courts in the English law, is significant, while they respond to an increasing rhetoric of equality in English society througho... And it can be seen that judges have been even more creative in the way they have managed to limit women's rights to a successful claim or defence, to limit women's claims even when they appear to 'win' their case, and to ensure that men generally do better out of these disputes than women. The equality and justice is hard to sustain on the facts. (Auchmuty,2005)1 The focus of this discussion is evaluation and examination of the unfair justice practiced with regard to the position of the women, when it comes to equal treatment, in the matters concerning property disputes. On many instances it can be seen in the context of English Law that men and commercial lenders and other individual have been the greater beneficiary in comparison to women. The law and the judges have invariably favoured the possession of property to male members and commercial lenders with bias against their social disposition to manage and maintain property. English women have not been treated equally in relation to property; they have consistently been denied their fair share in property ownership. The biggest test for the courts and the judges have been in the cases where there is legal rhetoric and legal reasoning, which have supported unfair shares between the two genders in attaining court resolutions of informal co-ownership disputes and unfair outcomes in undue influence cases involving mortgagees. The rules of equity need to protect women as in many cases even judges lean towards male bias. "Married women could and probably should benefit from special protection in property law; that is , because married women suffer special disadvantage on account of their structural

Economies Of Scale In Airlines Management Essay

Economies Of Scale In Airlines Management Essay Abstract The following report is aimed at examining the economies of scale concept and strategies in the airline industry. This document is divided into several pieces which discuss the impact of the economies of scale on the main aspects of the airline industry. The last section of the document concludes. Introduction The financial aim of firms is to increase the shareholders capital (Atril, P., Mc Laney E., 2008). Business management, then, have to either optimize asset utilization or reduce firms costs. Current economic situation have managed industries to achieve historic levels of asset optimization. Therefore, special emphasis had been put in cost reduction strategies during the last decade (Akan, M., Ata, B., Lariviere, M. A., 2011). Airline companies were one of the industries which suffered, almost immediately, the effect of these new market conditions. To cope with this scenario, the industry implemented several cost saving strategies; among them the economies of scale'(EoS). The following document is aimed at examining the term EoS and analysing how applicable the concept is to major carriers/airlines. The document is divided into eight pieces. The first discusses how the EoS applies to the airline industry. The remained sections comment on how the EoS affects: the airlines purchasing process, managerial procedures, marketing, technology usage, consolidation, and the open skies strategy. The last section concludes. Economies of scale in airlines EoS can be defined as any cost reductions, responding to increased demand for output, moving along a given, downward-sloping long run cost curve (Grieve, R. H., 2010). In other words, the demand allows firms, in this case airlines, to distribute costs over a greater number of products/services. Airlines have put in place several strategies to increase the number of flights. Among them: ticket-selling process optimization, in-flight meal reduction/suppression, alliances, and consolidations (Harvey, G., 2009). EoS concept assumes that increasing returns emerge at the level of the firm. However, some authors claim that EoS does contribute to cost reductions, but turnover growth does not generally manifest itself in this manner. Empirical evidence has shown that EoS only helped those airlines which do not lose their identity when demand increases. That is, Airlines which do not lose the control of the service delivery even they rely in a complex provider structure. Following this train of thought, EoS are of little importance in accounting for increasing returns, since these return rates are attributable to other factors such as external economies or industrial differentiation (Grieve, R. H., 2010). A successful example of EoS implementation is Star Alliance. Star Alliance is a network of 24 member airlines. Lufthansa and United airlines have registered an important growth in its passenger airline group during 2010 (DATAMONITOR, 2010). Whereas, a failed implementation, MexicanaClick, a low cost airline which was property of the second largest Mexican carrier (Mexicana), did not produced the expected results (BBC, 2010). The EoS effects in purchasing processes The implementation of EoS has forced airlines to change their business model. Traditionally, ticket selling was made in two main forms: over the airline counter or via an agent. Information Technologies (IT) have modified this process. Customer can directly make reservations and buy tickets without by themselves. Therefore, ticket agents have evolved to electronic system which provided the function of searching, reserving, and selling tickets making the purchasing process more accurate, fast, and reliable (Singh, A.Kr., Das, D., 2010). In the same manner, EoS has managed airlines to establish stronger relationships with their suppliers. For instance, the supply IT systems have allow airlines to avoid intermediaries in the requisition of resources since mid 80s, therefore, their logistic costs have decreased (Caves, D. W., et al, 1984). Investments in these matters have allowed Lufthansa to be the third largest airlines of Europe, and the worlds fifth largest airline in terms of overall passengers (Singh, A.Kr., Das, D., 2010). EoS and managerial procedures Outsourcing is the most recurrent strategy of the EoS. By outsourcing activities, the airline allows market forces to reduce the costs of subcontractors who offer for the business (Harvey, G., 2009). However, some author claim that high specialization, in providers, jeopardize business continuity of the outsourced firm (Grieve, R. H., 2010). Nowadays, airline employees are based in different parts of the world, sometimes in places where salaries and benefits are lower than their airline-home based colleagues. In this manner, airlines have also relocated business functions to take advantage of lower wages and social charges incurred in some countries. For instance, British Airways relocated its ticket processing function to New Delhi (Harvey, G., 2009). EoS and marketing Marketing function has also been affected by EoS. Alliances have switched this function to major airlines. Major airlines are responsible for the marketing trips for routes which are composed of international and local courses. In this manner, major companies deliver the international legs of the trip and regional airlines the local ones. When the complete journey is made by two major companies, the role of major and regional firms are switched. That is, the airline which delivers the international leg is responsible for the marketing duties of that trip and vice versa. Additionally, these functions are, most of the times, outsourced. The flight Atlanta-Barcelona is a good example. British Airways is responsible for the marketing of that route, but it only delivers the track from Atlanta to London. The second leg, London-Barcelona is delivered by Iberia; whereas in the route Barcelona-Atlanta, these functions are switched (Wright, C. P., et al, 2010). In the case of regional or small companies, marketing function is totally absorbed by the major company, since regional/small firms do not have the required infrastructure to perform this task (Forbes, S. J., Lederman, M., 2010). Technology in airlines IT systems are the most popular EoS strategy. They have not only changed the airlines purchasing process, but also have optimized the occupation and improved the communication with providers (Pilarski, A., 2005). However, that is not enough. Energy represents one of the biggest costs of the airlines. Air France-KLM and Air China reported that fuel costs accounted for almost 39% of its global costs in the fiscal year 2009 (DATAMONITOR, 2010). Thus, better engine technology, logistic, and route planning system will help the airlines to reduce these costs. Airlines have not been able to apply EoS to aircraft technology since they have a higher dependency in two main providers: Airbus and Boeing (DATAMONITOR, 2010). Generally speaking, the whole industry efficiency depends upon technological advances and cost improvement that these two companies may achieve. Therefore, it can be said that all technology which does not directly depend upon airlines is already optimized. Air France-KLM and Delta are a good example of technological optimization since some of their process like luggage registering and check-in can be done by the customer himself avoiding long queues. Consolidation of the airline industry Consolidation is also a well known EoS strategy. Consolidation is mainly aimed at reducing costs by combining mature and efficient processes into one unique entity (Oum, T. H., et al, 1995). Some authors claim that consolidations make airlines to increase their market share. However, Empirical evidence has shown that market share remains stable. For instance, in the 70s five US airlines controlled 87% of the global market. In 2003, none of these five airlines exist, although the share of the top-10 airlines in all traffic was 86% (Pilarski, A., 2005). On the other hand, consolidations are long and complex processes due to tax and aeronautical regulations. Alliances have been a optional strategy for consolidations. Alliances is formed by any two airlines that exchange interline passengers and that have a proration agreement for the revenue collected from the sale of interline itineraries. In this manner, an airline can expand its destinations and, therefore, increase its revenues. In 2006, 59% of all worldwide available seat miles were flown by airlines belonging to one of the three largest international alliances: Star, SkyTeam, or oneworld. Alliance activity is expected to continue growing (Wright, et al, 2010). Therefore, alliances seem to be the right strategy for the industry. Open skies strategy The open skies strategy consists on allowing airlines to fly within one country, that is, no restriction in local services. In this fashion, an airline may design routes to cover local routes and directly compete with regional firms. The agreement between US and the EU allows airlines to reduce costs of share codes and to improve their costing schema. European airlines which are already consolidated with American ones can operate as one entity, because they do not have restrictions to operate in both regions and vice versa. However, European Court of Justice has found that this agreement is breaking the law, thus, some amendments have to be done to this agreement (Yu-Chun, C., et al, 2009). Open skies strategy is not a direct result of the EoS, but a mean to achieve it. This strategy was created to impulse airline industry in the 1940s. Thus, agreements like that in other regions will allow airlines to reduce their costing schema and to increase their market participation. Conclusions Airline industry is the foundation stone of the current global commerce. Its high efficiency has allowed firms to sell their products in other regions with competitive prices. On the other hand, this industry is a facilitator for some others. Its relevance has been exposed during natural disasters when airports are blocked and products cannot be transported. Current economy cannot be understood without air transportation. The challenge of airlines, now, is to find creative ways to continue their optimization and profitable continuity. Airline industry allows us not only to reach any part of the world, but also to have a competitive and trustable economic system.

Irony in the Story The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay -- The Lottery

Irony in the Story The Lottery by Shirley Jackson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† irony is an underlying theme used throughout the story. The setting is introduced as a â€Å"clear and sunny† day, but ends with the brutal death of a housewife (715). The two people who essentially run the town, Mr. Graves and Mr. Summers, also have ironic names. In addition, the characters and the narrator make ironic statements throughout the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The plot as a whole in â€Å"The Lottery† is filled with ironic twists. The whole idea of a lottery is to win something, and the reader is led to believe that the winner will receive some prize, when in actuality they will be stoned to death by the rest of the villagers. The villagers act very nonchalant upon arriving at the lottery; which makes it seem as if it is just another uneventful day in a small town. Considering the seriousness of the consequences of the lottery, the villagers do not make a big deal about it. Under the same note it is ironic that many of the original traditions of the lottery, such as the recital and the salute, had long been forgotten. All that the villagers seemed to remember was the ruthless killing of a random person. It also seems strange that they let the equipment for the lottery, the black box, get into such a poor condition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two people who run, and the lottery, Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves. Mr. Graves is the postmaster for the town and is the person who swears Mr. Summers in as the lottery officia...

Green Roof

Many people don’t know what green roof is. So, what it is? A green roof is not a surface painted green, it is a living surface of plants growing in a soil layer on top of the roof. A thinner or thicker soil layer is spread over the roof membrane itself, sometimes with a protective root barrier, often with a drainage layer underneath. On the substrate, draught-tolerant species of plants are grown. Roof vegetation like this one doesn’t at all damage the waterproofing membrane of the roof. In fact it protects it from the uv-light which does damage the membrane over time.There are two types of green roofs: extensive and intensive. There are some differences of its. An extensive roof has very thin soil layers, draught tolerant plants and requires little or almost no maintenance. The limitation here is in the choice of plants. Extensive roof can be established on a very thin layer of soil. An intensive roof garden has much thicker soil layers, and can look like an ordinary ga rden, with trees and shrubs. Intensive roofs are more park-like with easy access and may include anything from kitchen herbs to shrubs and small trees.This of course needs as much maintenance as a garden does, and can only be constructed on a roof that can bear heavy loads. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_roof) It doesn’t matter what type roof is, but construction is a similar. Construction includes drainage materials, plant materials and establishment methods. For each green roof project, different site conditions and your aims and motives will govern the choice of materials and establishment methods. Therefore, if you are planning to build a green roof, consider the following two sections carefully.There are some roof sections which are important. First is a waterproofing. The membrane is made waterproof, and it will stay waterproof unless it gets physically damaged or aged. What ages a bitumen membrane is mainly uv-light and temperature extremes. Unless the roof memb rane is damaged while laying the green roof, the soil and vegetation cover protects the membrane from these types of injuries later. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=32&sub=19) Second section is root barrier. The asphalt waterproofing itself is not classified as root resistant and had to be reinforced with a root barrier.This barrier consists of rubberized asphalt enforced with polyester and treated eight a root-repelling agent. There are also synthetic waterproofing membranes (like PVC liners) available that are root resistant and do not require an additional root barrier. Different countries have different building practices and rules for green roofs – and many countries have no rules at all yet. In Germany, for example, a root barrier is always laid under a green roof. This is to ensure that no roots can damage the waterproofing.A root barrier is sometimes incorporated in the drainage layer. It can be chemical and poisonous to plants, or it can be a thin copper sheet, or r ubber sealed so as to avoid seams. If your motive for having a green roof is sustainability and ecological consciousness, it’s a good idea to ask your contractor about the method. In Sweden, the usual practice is that under extensive roof vegetation (2 – 5 cm soil), where only sedums and moss can survive, an extra root barrier is not considered necessary, since the sedums used have weak roots, and moss has no roots at all.When the soil layer is thicker, and therefore can hold more water, other plants grow there, and there is a risk of getting weeds with more penetrative roots. Second layer is insulation. Insulation boards can be made from extruded polystyrene which has high water resistance and compressive strength. The main difference from the old roof is that the insulation layer must be places above the waterproofing membrane, but on the new roofs insulation must be located below the waterproofing. Second, but not less important, is drainage.The main reason for usin g a drainage layer is that if a lot of water drains off along the surface of the soil, this will cause erosion. The second reason, is that for roofs which are almost flat, too much water would remain on the roof, forming puddles. Especially sedum vegetation is adapted to dry conditions, and tends to rot if submerged. Besides, too much water available can lead to unwanted plants establishing on the roof. Another function of the drainage materials that are often used is to store some amount of water.This effect becomes more and more important the drier the conditions on the roof are, due to climate, a steeper slope or other conditions on the roof. Drainage materials used in green roofs include natural materials, recycled materials and manufactured drainage mats. (â€Å"Green roof systems† Susan K. Weiler, Katrin Scolz-Barth) And finally, the top layer is growing medium with plants. The growing medium provides nutrients and structure for the roots to anchor in. the proprietary m ixes of the manufacturer consist of a lightweight aggregate, expanded shale, and some compost.The organic components make up about three to six percent of the shallow planting areas. The mix for deeper planting areas has slightly more organics. This mix is also heavier and allows a higher water-holding capacity in order to support the larger plants of these areas. In conclusion, one has to realize that there is no cookie cutter approach when it comes to the design of a green roof section. Though certain layers are always present – waterproofing, root barrier, insulation, protection layer, drainage layer, growing medium – their actual composition varies widely responding to a particular situation. â€Å"Green roof – a case study† Christian Werthmann) Green roofs have many advantages. One is a cooling effect. It is very useful effect for individual houses at summer time. A black bitumen roof easily reaches temperatures of 80 ° Celsius in the summer. When a soil layer and the shading plants protect the roof, the surface temperature usually doesn’t rise above the surrounding air temperature. A study conducted by Environment Canada found a 26% reduction in summer cooling needs and a 26% reduction in winter heat losses when a green roof is used.In addition to this, the plants and soil evaporate water, creating a cooling effect, and a moister air, more comfortable to breathe. Cooling effect is useful at summer, but at winter there is another green roof feature – insulation. The soil layer provides an additional insulation. In warmer climates a green roof especially the versions with thicker soil layer, can make a difference in the heating required in the building. Life expectancy of the root membrane is also important. The waterproofing of the roof, for example bitumen, has a normal life expectancy of 25 years.After that it needs replacing. The reasons are that the uv-light from the sun makes the surface brittle, and then t he expansion and shrinking caused by the fluctuations in temperature, together with the loss of elasticity, causes cracks to form in the membrane. The high temperatures in themselves, above 60 ° Celsius, age the membrane. The green roof protects the waterproofing from both the uv-light and the temperature extremes, increasing the life expectancy of the membrane to at least 60 years. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19)One of the most important effects of green roofs in the cities is their potential for retaining and delaying rainwater during storms. The gutters and sewers in the city have to be big enough to cope with the amounts of water that falls during extreme storm events. As more and more surfaces in the built up areas are made hard and impermeable, less water can percolate naturally into the soil. This means that the sewers and treatment plants get higher and higher loads. For the water treatment plant this can be a great problem, since they take care of sewage as we ll as rainwater.If the sewage gets very diluted by a heavy rain, the sensitive chemical and microbiological processes are disturbed. Getting the balance back costs time and money, and in the meantime, sewage is less completely cleaned. Also, the treatment plants cannot store unlimited amounts of water, so during extreme rains, they are forced to let completely untreated water to the natural waters. The more rain water that is taken care of locally, the less often we will have to face these polluting events. (http://progressivetimes. wordpress. om/2010/10/04/one-roof-two-roofs-green-roofs-blue-roofs/) There are some effects which are interesting. The heat island effect. This is the effect that makes cities reach a higher average temperature than the countryside around them. The large amount of stone, asphalt and concrete in the towns and cities that absorb the heat from the sun in the daytime, and release it at night. An additional cause is the lack of trees and other vegetation. The night time temperature rises, and in the summer people suffers from sleeplessness. The cost of air condition goes up.Green roofs can protect from noise and electromagnetic radiation. Thick layers and plants can reduce noise in the outdoor environment and green roofs can reduce the electromagnetic radiation that enters a building to a great extent. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) The most important problem in big cities is pollution. Green roof vegetation, as well as other vegetation, use CO2 for their respiration, and therefore reduce the negative effects of pollution. Best are highly productive plants, which in a year can produce a lot of biomass.An extensive green roof does not produce very much, but intensive ones could. In this case, it might be a question of a small extra advantage, when large surfaces of the cities rooftops are used for vegetation. This is not a method that can be used as an only solution to the problems of pollution and global warming, but togeth er with all the other beneficial effects of green roofs, it is a small step in the right direction. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) Green roofs also provide habitats for plants, insects, and animals that otherwise have limited natural space in cities.In modern city planning, â€Å"green corridors† are planned into the cities, where parks and waterways can connect the city with the surrounding countryside, and get humans in closer contact with nature. In the places where there isn’t enough ground space for green space, the green corridors, and the habitats for animals don’t have to be discontinued, if the flat roofs are used. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) Thus green roof save materials, energy and money, produce less waste, can protect from negative cities impact and what is the most important – is environmental friendly. However, green roof has some disadvantages.Weight is problematical field. A thin extensive green roof of the t ype widely used weighs about 50 kg/m2 when saturated with water. Lighter versions are available, that uses rock wool as substrate instead of soil, which gives a weight of about 35 kg/m2. Compare that to tiles that weigh 33 – 37 kg /m2, depending on the type. If you live in a region where you can expect snow, then weight has to be reckoned as well. So some buildings, especially old buildings, cannot be retrofitted with certain kinds of green roof because of the weight load of the substrate and vegetation exceeds permitted static loading.Depending on what kind of green roof it is, the maintenance costs could be higher. Cost is the main reason why people didn’t want green roofs. Properly designed and -installed systems include root barriers. It is true that installing adequate waterproofing systems and root barriers automatically can increase the initial cost of the roof. A properly designed and installed green-roof system can cost 15 to 20 dollars per square foot as a to tal cost, not including the roof's waterproof layers.In Europe, a well-designed and professionally installed fully integrated green roof can cost anywhere between 100 to 200 euros per square meter, depending on the kind of roof, the building structure, and which plants are used. Despite of that, I think that green roofs have more advantages than disadvantages. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_roof) It is clear that living green roofs and landscapes over structure are not a panacea for ameliorating the negative environmental impacts resulting from increased development or the loss of open space.They cannot and will not replace our forests and prairies, will nor remediate the degradation of all stream corridors, and will not stop global warming by themselves. However, green roofs and landscapes over structure can act buffers to mitigate the impacts of unbridled and unplanned urban growth and development. Reducing building roofs generates less storm water runoff, reduces the heat gain that affects our indoor and outdoor environments, and mitigates the continued degradation of air and water quality. Green roofs provide additional usable, confortable open space. Green Roof Many people don’t know what green roof is. So, what it is? A green roof is not a surface painted green, it is a living surface of plants growing in a soil layer on top of the roof. A thinner or thicker soil layer is spread over the roof membrane itself, sometimes with a protective root barrier, often with a drainage layer underneath. On the substrate, draught-tolerant species of plants are grown. Roof vegetation like this one doesn’t at all damage the waterproofing membrane of the roof. In fact it protects it from the uv-light which does damage the membrane over time.There are two types of green roofs: extensive and intensive. There are some differences of its. An extensive roof has very thin soil layers, draught tolerant plants and requires little or almost no maintenance. The limitation here is in the choice of plants. Extensive roof can be established on a very thin layer of soil. An intensive roof garden has much thicker soil layers, and can look like an ordinary ga rden, with trees and shrubs. Intensive roofs are more park-like with easy access and may include anything from kitchen herbs to shrubs and small trees.This of course needs as much maintenance as a garden does, and can only be constructed on a roof that can bear heavy loads. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_roof) It doesn’t matter what type roof is, but construction is a similar. Construction includes drainage materials, plant materials and establishment methods. For each green roof project, different site conditions and your aims and motives will govern the choice of materials and establishment methods. Therefore, if you are planning to build a green roof, consider the following two sections carefully.There are some roof sections which are important. First is a waterproofing. The membrane is made waterproof, and it will stay waterproof unless it gets physically damaged or aged. What ages a bitumen membrane is mainly uv-light and temperature extremes. Unless the roof memb rane is damaged while laying the green roof, the soil and vegetation cover protects the membrane from these types of injuries later. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=32&sub=19) Second section is root barrier. The asphalt waterproofing itself is not classified as root resistant and had to be reinforced with a root barrier.This barrier consists of rubberized asphalt enforced with polyester and treated eight a root-repelling agent. There are also synthetic waterproofing membranes (like PVC liners) available that are root resistant and do not require an additional root barrier. Different countries have different building practices and rules for green roofs – and many countries have no rules at all yet. In Germany, for example, a root barrier is always laid under a green roof. This is to ensure that no roots can damage the waterproofing.A root barrier is sometimes incorporated in the drainage layer. It can be chemical and poisonous to plants, or it can be a thin copper sheet, or r ubber sealed so as to avoid seams. If your motive for having a green roof is sustainability and ecological consciousness, it’s a good idea to ask your contractor about the method. In Sweden, the usual practice is that under extensive roof vegetation (2 – 5 cm soil), where only sedums and moss can survive, an extra root barrier is not considered necessary, since the sedums used have weak roots, and moss has no roots at all.When the soil layer is thicker, and therefore can hold more water, other plants grow there, and there is a risk of getting weeds with more penetrative roots. Second layer is insulation. Insulation boards can be made from extruded polystyrene which has high water resistance and compressive strength. The main difference from the old roof is that the insulation layer must be places above the waterproofing membrane, but on the new roofs insulation must be located below the waterproofing. Second, but not less important, is drainage.The main reason for usin g a drainage layer is that if a lot of water drains off along the surface of the soil, this will cause erosion. The second reason, is that for roofs which are almost flat, too much water would remain on the roof, forming puddles. Especially sedum vegetation is adapted to dry conditions, and tends to rot if submerged. Besides, too much water available can lead to unwanted plants establishing on the roof. Another function of the drainage materials that are often used is to store some amount of water.This effect becomes more and more important the drier the conditions on the roof are, due to climate, a steeper slope or other conditions on the roof. Drainage materials used in green roofs include natural materials, recycled materials and manufactured drainage mats. (â€Å"Green roof systems† Susan K. Weiler, Katrin Scolz-Barth) And finally, the top layer is growing medium with plants. The growing medium provides nutrients and structure for the roots to anchor in. the proprietary m ixes of the manufacturer consist of a lightweight aggregate, expanded shale, and some compost.The organic components make up about three to six percent of the shallow planting areas. The mix for deeper planting areas has slightly more organics. This mix is also heavier and allows a higher water-holding capacity in order to support the larger plants of these areas. In conclusion, one has to realize that there is no cookie cutter approach when it comes to the design of a green roof section. Though certain layers are always present – waterproofing, root barrier, insulation, protection layer, drainage layer, growing medium – their actual composition varies widely responding to a particular situation. â€Å"Green roof – a case study† Christian Werthmann) Green roofs have many advantages. One is a cooling effect. It is very useful effect for individual houses at summer time. A black bitumen roof easily reaches temperatures of 80 ° Celsius in the summer. When a soil layer and the shading plants protect the roof, the surface temperature usually doesn’t rise above the surrounding air temperature. A study conducted by Environment Canada found a 26% reduction in summer cooling needs and a 26% reduction in winter heat losses when a green roof is used.In addition to this, the plants and soil evaporate water, creating a cooling effect, and a moister air, more comfortable to breathe. Cooling effect is useful at summer, but at winter there is another green roof feature – insulation. The soil layer provides an additional insulation. In warmer climates a green roof especially the versions with thicker soil layer, can make a difference in the heating required in the building. Life expectancy of the root membrane is also important. The waterproofing of the roof, for example bitumen, has a normal life expectancy of 25 years.After that it needs replacing. The reasons are that the uv-light from the sun makes the surface brittle, and then t he expansion and shrinking caused by the fluctuations in temperature, together with the loss of elasticity, causes cracks to form in the membrane. The high temperatures in themselves, above 60 ° Celsius, age the membrane. The green roof protects the waterproofing from both the uv-light and the temperature extremes, increasing the life expectancy of the membrane to at least 60 years. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19)One of the most important effects of green roofs in the cities is their potential for retaining and delaying rainwater during storms. The gutters and sewers in the city have to be big enough to cope with the amounts of water that falls during extreme storm events. As more and more surfaces in the built up areas are made hard and impermeable, less water can percolate naturally into the soil. This means that the sewers and treatment plants get higher and higher loads. For the water treatment plant this can be a great problem, since they take care of sewage as we ll as rainwater.If the sewage gets very diluted by a heavy rain, the sensitive chemical and microbiological processes are disturbed. Getting the balance back costs time and money, and in the meantime, sewage is less completely cleaned. Also, the treatment plants cannot store unlimited amounts of water, so during extreme rains, they are forced to let completely untreated water to the natural waters. The more rain water that is taken care of locally, the less often we will have to face these polluting events. (http://progressivetimes. wordpress. om/2010/10/04/one-roof-two-roofs-green-roofs-blue-roofs/) There are some effects which are interesting. The heat island effect. This is the effect that makes cities reach a higher average temperature than the countryside around them. The large amount of stone, asphalt and concrete in the towns and cities that absorb the heat from the sun in the daytime, and release it at night. An additional cause is the lack of trees and other vegetation. The night time temperature rises, and in the summer people suffers from sleeplessness. The cost of air condition goes up.Green roofs can protect from noise and electromagnetic radiation. Thick layers and plants can reduce noise in the outdoor environment and green roofs can reduce the electromagnetic radiation that enters a building to a great extent. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) The most important problem in big cities is pollution. Green roof vegetation, as well as other vegetation, use CO2 for their respiration, and therefore reduce the negative effects of pollution. Best are highly productive plants, which in a year can produce a lot of biomass.An extensive green roof does not produce very much, but intensive ones could. In this case, it might be a question of a small extra advantage, when large surfaces of the cities rooftops are used for vegetation. This is not a method that can be used as an only solution to the problems of pollution and global warming, but togeth er with all the other beneficial effects of green roofs, it is a small step in the right direction. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) Green roofs also provide habitats for plants, insects, and animals that otherwise have limited natural space in cities.In modern city planning, â€Å"green corridors† are planned into the cities, where parks and waterways can connect the city with the surrounding countryside, and get humans in closer contact with nature. In the places where there isn’t enough ground space for green space, the green corridors, and the habitats for animals don’t have to be discontinued, if the flat roofs are used. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) Thus green roof save materials, energy and money, produce less waste, can protect from negative cities impact and what is the most important – is environmental friendly. However, green roof has some disadvantages.Weight is problematical field. A thin extensive green roof of the t ype widely used weighs about 50 kg/m2 when saturated with water. Lighter versions are available, that uses rock wool as substrate instead of soil, which gives a weight of about 35 kg/m2. Compare that to tiles that weigh 33 – 37 kg /m2, depending on the type. If you live in a region where you can expect snow, then weight has to be reckoned as well. So some buildings, especially old buildings, cannot be retrofitted with certain kinds of green roof because of the weight load of the substrate and vegetation exceeds permitted static loading.Depending on what kind of green roof it is, the maintenance costs could be higher. Cost is the main reason why people didn’t want green roofs. Properly designed and -installed systems include root barriers. It is true that installing adequate waterproofing systems and root barriers automatically can increase the initial cost of the roof. A properly designed and installed green-roof system can cost 15 to 20 dollars per square foot as a to tal cost, not including the roof's waterproof layers.In Europe, a well-designed and professionally installed fully integrated green roof can cost anywhere between 100 to 200 euros per square meter, depending on the kind of roof, the building structure, and which plants are used. Despite of that, I think that green roofs have more advantages than disadvantages. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_roof) It is clear that living green roofs and landscapes over structure are not a panacea for ameliorating the negative environmental impacts resulting from increased development or the loss of open space.They cannot and will not replace our forests and prairies, will nor remediate the degradation of all stream corridors, and will not stop global warming by themselves. However, green roofs and landscapes over structure can act buffers to mitigate the impacts of unbridled and unplanned urban growth and development. Reducing building roofs generates less storm water runoff, reduces the heat gain that affects our indoor and outdoor environments, and mitigates the continued degradation of air and water quality. Green roofs provide additional usable, confortable open space.